Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to customers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the customer's location.

A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television programme for viewing on a television set. Receivers can be external set-top boxesor a built-in television tuner. Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services. It is the only television available in many remote geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television service. Consequently, these systems were nicknamed "big dish" systems, and were more expensive and less popular.

Early systems used analog signalsbut modern ones use digital signals which allow transmission of the modern television standard high-definition television. Different receivers are required for the two types. Some transmissions and channels are unencrypted and therefore free-to-air or free-to-viewwhile many other channels are transmitted with encryption pay televisionrequiring the customer to subscribe and pay a monthly fee to receive the programming.

Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an uplink facility. On occasion, sun outage will occur when the sun lines up directly behind the geostationary satellite to which the receiving antenna is pointed. The original C-band satellite television systems used a low-noise amplifier LNA connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish. The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable can be used to connect the indoor receiver to the satellite television dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at L-band and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at C-band frequencies.

This allows for transmission of UHF signals along the same span of coaxial wire at the same time. The satellite receiver or set-top box demodulates and converts the signals to the desired form outputs for television, audio, data, etc. RG-6RGetc. A practical problem relating to home satellite reception is that an LNB can basically only handle a single receiver. A common solution for consumers wanting to access multiple satellites is to deploy a single dish with a single LNB and to rotate the dish using an electric motor.

The axis of rotation has to be set up in the north-south direction and, depending on the geographical location of the dish, have a specific vertical tilt. Set up properly the motorized dish when turned will sweep across all possible positions for satellites lined up along the geostationary orbit directly above the equator.

The disk will then be capable of receiving any geostationary satellite that is visible at the specific location, i. The DiSEqC protocol has been extended to encompass commands for steering dish rotors.

There are five major components in a satellite system: Thus satellite dishes can be aimed permanently at that point, and don't need a tracking system to turn to follow a moving satellite. The downlinked satellite signal, weaker after traveling the great distance see inverse-square lawis collected by using a rooftop parabolic receiving dish " satellite dish "which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point.

The reason for using the LNB to do the frequency translation at the dish is so that the signal can be carried into the residence using cheap coaxial cable. To transport the signal into the house at its original K u band microwave frequency would require an expensive waveguidea metal pipe to carry the radio waves. An LNB can only handle a single receiver. The set-top box selects the channel desired by the user by filtering that channel from the multiple channels received from the satellite, converts the signal to a lower intermediate frequencydecrypts the encrypted signal, demodulates the radio signal and sends the resulting video signal to the television through a cable.

If the customer fails to pay his monthly bill the box is "deactivated" by a signal from the company, and the system will not work until the company reactivates it. Some receivers are capable of decrypting the received signal itself.

Analog television which was distributed via satellite was usually sent scrambled or unscrambled in NTSCPALor SECAM television broadcast standards. The analog signal is frequency modulated and is converted from an FM signal to what is referred to as baseband.

This baseband comprises the video signal and the audio subcarrier s. The audio subcarrier is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal. Later signals were digitized television signal or multiplex of signals, typically QPSK. Many conditional access systems have been compromised. An event called sun outage occurs when the sun lines up directly behind the satellite in the field of view of the receiving satellite dish.

During this period, the sun is within the main lobe of the dish's reception pattern, so the strong microwave noise emitted by the sun on the same frequencies used by the satellite's transponders drowns out reception. Direct-To-Home can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver service or the actual television service.

Programming for satellite television channels comes from multiple sources and may include live studio feeds. The signal is then sent to the uplink [30] where it is transmitted to the satellite.

With some broadcast centers, the studios, administration and up-link are all part of the same campus. Most systems use the DVB-S standard for transmission. While the underlying reception technology is similar, the pay television technology is proprietary, often consisting of a conditional-access module and smart card. This measure assures satellite television providers that only authorized, paying subscribers have access to pay television content but at the same time can allow free-to-air channels to be viewed even by the people with standard equipment available in the market.

Some countries operate satellite television services which can be received for free, without paying a subscription fee.

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This is called free-to-air satellite television. Germany is likely the leader in free-to-air with approximately digital channels including 83 HDTV channels and various regional channels broadcast from the Astra All German analogue satellite broadcasts ceased on 30 April The United Kingdom has approximately digital channels including the regional variations of BBC channels, ITV channels, Channel 4 and Channel 5 that are broadcast without encryption from the Astra Most of these channels are included within the Sky EPGand an increasing number within the Freesat EPG.

India 's national broadcaster, Doordarshanpromotes a free-to-air DBS package as " DD Free Dish ", which is provided as in-fill for the country's terrestrial transmission network. It is broadcast from GSAT at In North America United States, Canada and Mexico there are over 80 FTA digital channels available on Galaxy 19 with the majority being ethnic or religious in nature.

Other FTA satellites include AMC-4AMC-6Galaxy 18and Satmex 5. A company called GloryStar promotes FTA religious broadcasters on Galaxy The term Television receive-onlyor TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television reception to differentiate it from commercial satellite television uplink and downlink operations transmit and receive.

This was the primary method of satellite television transmissions before the satellite television industry shifted, with the launch of higher powered DBS satellites in the early s which transmitted their signals on the K u band frequencies. TVRO systems were designed to receive analog and digital satellite feeds of both television or audio from both C-band and K u -band transponders on FSS -type satellites.

TVRO systems tend to use larger rather than smaller satellite dish antennas, since it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a C-band-only setup rather than a K u band-only setup.

The narrow beam width of a normal parabolic satellite antenna means it can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time. In British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. The first public satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on 23 Julyalthough a test broadcast had taken place almost two weeks earlier on 11 July.

The world's first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I and nicknamed "Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on April 6, The transmissions were how much money do mri technicians make on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use.

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Callaway diablo forged graphite shaft specs first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry Direct-To-Home television, Ekran 1, was launched on 26 October The satellite television industry developed first in the US from the cable television industry as communication satellites were being used to distribute television programming to remote cable television headends.

Home Box Office HBOTurner Broadcasting System TBSand Christian Broadcasting Network CBN, later The Family Channel best option strategy ever pdf bunney among the first to use satellite television to deliver programming. Taylor Howard of San AndreasCalifornia became the first person to receive C-band satellite signals with his home-built system in In the US, PBSa non-profit public broadcasting service, began to distribute its television programming by satellite in In Soviet engineers developed the Moskva or Moscow system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites.

They launched the Gorizont communication satellites later that same year. These satellites used geostationary orbits.

Early satellite television systems were not very popular due to their expense and large dish size.

Bysatellite television was well established in the USA and Europe. On 26 Aprilthe first satellite channel in the UK, Satellite Television Ltd. Advances in receiver technology and the use of gallium arsenide FET technology enabled the use of smaller dishes. Originally, all channels were broadcast in the clear ITC because the equipment necessary to receive the programming was too expensive for consumers.

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With the growing number of TVRO systems, the program providers and broadcasters had to scramble pp trading & manufacture joint stock company (ordesco) signal and develop subscription systems.

In Octoberthe U. Congress passed the Cable Communications Policy Act ofwhich gave those using TVRO systems the right to receive madoff options strategy for free unless they were scrambled, and required those who did scramble to make their signals available for a reasonable fee. The scrambling of HBO was met with much protest from owners of big-dish systems, most of which had no other option at the time for receiving such channels, claiming that clear signals from cable channels would be difficult to receive.

MacDougall in April Videocipher II used analog scrambling on its video signal and Data Encryption Standard —based encryption on its audio signal. VideoCipher II was defeated, and there was a black market for descrambler devices which were initially sold as "test" devices. The necessity for better satellite television programming than TVRO arose in the s. Satellite television services, first in Europe, began transmitting K u band signals in the late s.

On 11 December Luxembourg launched Astra 1Athe first satellite to provide medium power satellite coverage to Western Europe. Bynine channels were scrambled, but 99 others were available free-to-air. Satellite television download indicator skalper 5min for binary options also developed in Europe but it initially used low power communication satellites and it required dish sizes of over 1.

In the US in the early s, four large cable companies launched PrimeStar profitable system for binary options, a direct broadcasting company using medium power satellites. Its popularity declined with the launch of the Hughes DirecTV and Dish Network satellite television systems. On March 4, EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway Dish Network using the EchoStar 1 satellite.

This greatly reduced the popularity of TVRO systems. In the mids, channels began moving their broadcasts to digital television transmission using the DigiCipher conditional access system. In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early s.

Signals from DBS satellites operating in the more recent K u band are higher in both frequency and power due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.

C-band satellite television signals are less prone to rain fade. In a return to the older but proven technologies of satellite communication, the current DBS-based satellite providers in the USA Dish Network and DirecTV are now utilizing additional capacity on the Ku-band transponders of existing FSS-class satellites, in addition to the capacity on their own existing fleets of DBS satellites in orbit.

This was done in order to provide more channel capacity for their systems, as required by the increasing number of High-Definition and simulcast local station channels.

In the early s, four large American cable companies launched PrimeStara direct broadcasting company using medium-power satellites. On 4 March EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway Dish Network using the EchoStar 1 satellite.

Signals from DBS satellites operating in the more recent K u band are higher in both frequency and power due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analogue modulation methods. K u band signals are more vulnerable to rain fade than C-band signals. On 29 November US President Bill Clinton passed the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act SHVIA.

Satellite Television for the Asian Region STARa service based in Hong Kong which now provides satellite TV coverage to Asia and Australiaintroduced satellite TV to the Asian region in the early s. It began broadcasting signals using the AsiaSat 1 satellite on 1 January Media related to Satellite television at Wikimedia Commons. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Redirected from Direct broadcast satellite. Radio Stations and Systems — Article 1. Retrieved 18 September Retrieved 28 July Retrieved 29 July Satellite Systems Engineering in an IPv6 Environment. The Essential Guide to Telecommunications 5th ed.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Satellite Communication Systems Design. Digital Video Broadcasting DVB ; Implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK modulation in DVB satellite transmission systems PDF Report. European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Retrieved 20 July Introduction To Satellite Communications. Retrieved 5 April Retrieved 8 April New HD channels from ARD and ZDF after 30 April ]. NBC tacks on Telemundo oversight to Gaspin's tasks. Los Angeles Times, July 26, Retrieved on May 14, Retrieved 16 December An Introduction to Mass Communication.

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Retrieved 3 July Home satellite reception a TV turn-on". Retrieved 21 July Retrieved 30 June Theory, Installation and Repair. Frank Baylin et al. Retrieved 5 May Best option strategy ever pdf bunney Broadcasting and Communications Association. High Cost Is Important Consideration for Consumer". Retrieved May 20, Trademark Counterfeiting, Product Piracy, and the Billion Dollar Threat to the U.

Retrieved 12 July The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on 3 July Communication Technology Update 10th ed. Archived from the original PDF on The New Communication Technologies fifth edition. Advances in Recent Trends in Communication and Networks. Retrieved 16 July Retrieved 30 July Archived from the original on Retrieved on 30 July Radio Radio program Cable Satellite Telephone Teletext Television Television program Cable Satellite Internet television and radio Webcast Streaming media Web television Peer-to-peer television BitTorrent television and movies.

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Cable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Canada. Bell TV Shaw Direct Telus Satellite TV. Access Saskatchewan Cable Axion Magog, QC CityWest Prince Rupert, BC DERYtelecom Saguenay, QC Novus Cable select areas of BC Lower Mainland Omineca Cablevision Prince George, BC Westman Brandon, MB. Defunct cable and DBS companies of Canada. Africa, Asia, and Oceania Americas Europe 1 More thantelevision service subscribers. Cable, satellite, and other speciality television providers in Europe.

Alma TV Anvia ASTA-NET AS Starman ASK CATV Bosnia and Herzegovina Nowo Portugal Caiway Netherlands Canal Digital Norway Casema Com Hem Sweden dna Welho Finland EVision Ireland ELTA-KABEL Bosnia and Herzegovina ER-Telecom Get GO Malta INEA Poland IPKO Kabel Deutschland Germany Kabel Noord KATV1 Azerbaijan Kazakhtelecom Kazakhstan Kujtesa Lattelecom Madritel Magnet Networks Magyar Telekom MC Cable Melita Cable MEO Portugal MISS.

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Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Characteristic impedance Coaxial cable Electromagnetic radiation Electrical cable Free-space optical communication Heaviside condition Loading coil Molecular communication Optical fiber Telegrapher's equations.

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